Empirical
Two gardeners disagree about which fertiliser works best. Instead of arguing from the label, they measure the plants for a month; this adjective describes the evidence they collect.
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Based on observation, experience, or experiment rather than on theory alone.
Memory trick
Link empirical with experiment and experience. Picture someone measuring a result instead of only sketching a theory on a board.
Examples
The researchers collected empirical evidence by measuring how quickly the seedlings grew.
The theory was elegant, but its prediction still needed empirical testing.
Sales records provide an empirical basis for comparing demand before and after the price change.
Synonyms
Antonyms
Etymology
From Greek empeirikos "experienced," from empeiria "experience," formed from en "in" + peira "trial, experiment."
Usage Notes
Usually modifies evidence, data, research, findings, or a method. In GMAT research passages, distinguish an empirical observation from the theory proposed to explain it; both can play a role in the same argument.
Real-life contexts
Ask for support: "Do we have empirical evidence for that claim?"
Describe research: "Their conclusion is based on empirical observations."
Separate a model from a test: "The model makes sense, but we need empirical results."
Common Mistakes
Empirical does not mean automatically accurate, unbiased, or conclusive. Observations and experiments can have limitations. Do not confuse empirical with imperial, which concerns an empire.
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Part of Speech
adjective
Difficulty
advancedRelated Words
Pragmatic
Dealing with things sensibly and realistically in a way that is based on practical rather than theoretical considerations.
Discern
To notice, recognize, or distinguish something, especially when it is not immediately obvious.
Arbitrary
Based on random choice or personal whim, rather than any reason or system; unrestrained in the exercise of power.